ITALY

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Steeped in historical significance and at the forefront of fashion and culture, by living and working here you'll get to enjoy its sunny climate, breathtaking landscapes, inspiring architecture and fine food.

When you're not working, you can visit art cities such as Florence, with its Michelangelo and Giambologna sculptures, or admire the Gothic palazzi and canals of Venice. You could also tick sightseeing in Rome off your bucket list and relax in one of its delightful cafés. On other days, you could hit the fashion boutiques of Milan or head to Naples, the birthplace of modern pizza.

Despite the draws of a Mediterranean lifestyle, you'll find that work for native English speakers is hard to come by due to the high competition for jobs. However, foreign workers who can speak Italian and have the right combination of skills, qualifications and experience may still be able to find employment - especially in major cities such as Florence, Milan, Genoa and the capital Rome.

It may be the world's ninth biggest economy, according to Investopedia (July 2024), but Italy relies heavily on its manufacturing and services industries. The unemployment rate is at 6.5% (July 2024), which is its lowest level since 2008.

The contrast between the north and the south is stark - northern Italy is more industrialised and developed and known for its abundance of private companies, while the south relies heavily on agriculture and farming.

You'll find that as the majority of the country's 59 million inhabitants reside in the north, ambitious graduates are more likely to find work in large northern towns and cities such as Milan, Turin and Genoa.

Plus, with millions of travellers flocking to Italy every year to see its famous sights, casual work and temporary contracts in the tourism industry are much easier to find than permanent employment in other sectors.

• Automotive
• Chemical products
• Engineering
• Insurance
• Telecommunications

Most Italian locals aren't fluent in English, and therefore it's unlikely you'll secure work without mastering the language.

The services sector dominates the economy with a strong focus on wholesale, retail sales and transportation. Driven by the manufacturing of luxury items such as fashion, cars and furniture, industry also accounts for a fair amount of Italy's output. In terms of agriculture, Italy is one of the world's largest producers of wine, olive oil and fruit.

The number of multinational companies in Italy is smaller than in other European countries, but strong Italian brands include automobiles, such as Ferrari and Lamborghini, and fashion designers Gucci, Prada, Versace and Armani.

Work positions are mostly advertised online and through recruitment agencies.

You can search for job vacancies in Italy at:

• Glassdoor - English speaking jobs in Italy
• Jooble - English speaking jobs in Italy
• The Local Italy
• Reed - Jobs in Italy
• Total Jobs - Jobs in Italy
• TrovoLavoro.it

The European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training (CEDEFOP), an agency of the European Union (EU), has identified the following as shortage occupations in Italy:

• health
• information and communications technology (ICT)
• marketing, design and creative
• science, technology, engineering and maths (STEM)
• teaching.

Within each field, the organisation also narrowed down the most in-demand jobs. For ICT, this includes:

• actuaries
• electrotechnology engineers
• mathematicians
• software and applications developers and analysts
• statisticians.

The CEDEFOP also looked at employment growth in Italy across the job sectors and found that an insufficient supply of graduates was one of the main causes for these skills shortages, especially in areas such as science and engineering.

Networking through friends and family is still considered a viable means of hearing about any available work in Italy.

Therefore, finding a job when you're already in Italy will be easier, as you can begin making contacts directly - wherever you decide to start looking.

If you're currently employed with a company that has a presence in Italy, you could enquire about possible secondment opportunities.

If this isn't feasible, try making speculative applications, which are welcomed in Italy as many jobs aren't advertised. If you go down this route, be sure to do your research and send your application to the most appropriate person at the organisation.

For advertised positions, applications are usually completed online and consist of a CV and cover letter, or an application form. All applications should be submitted in Italian unless otherwise stated. To save time, get your academic transcripts and certificates translated too.

You should expect a lengthy application process, which will generally involve a series of interviews as well as psychometric testing.

As tourism is such big business in Italy, casual or temporary work should be easy enough to find.

There are plenty of seasonal jobs on offer including bar, hotel and restaurant work. You could find employment in summer camps or holiday resorts and if you possess some skills on the slopes, you could work at a ski resort in the Italian Alps.

The agricultural sector also offers casual summer jobs such as fruit picking and other outdoor activities.

If you have some childcare experience, you might consider finding work as an au pair.

As long as you have the funds to work for free, volunteering is a great way to expand your skillset and learn a new language. Voluntary work looks great on your CV and gives you the chance to network and build contacts.

For the latest volunteering opportunities in the country, visit:

• Go Overseas - Volunteer programmes in Italy
• International Volunteer HQ - Volunteer in Italy
• Volunteer World - Italy
• Workaway.info - Volunteer and work in Italy
• Worldpackers - Italy

English teachers are in high demand in Italy, so competition for posts is fierce, with many teachers expected to have a Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL) certificate with at least 100 hours of teaching experience.

The majority of teaching jobs are available in large towns and cities such as Rome, Florence and Milan, although opportunities exist throughout the country. You could teach in state schools, private language schools, universities or within businesses teaching their staff English.

You can enrol online to study for a relevant TEFL qualification, while some teaching jobs may require a Bachelors degree.

Recruitment for teachers typically begins in early spring for positions available in September/October.

For more country-specific details, see The TEFL Org - TEFL jobs in Italy, while a list of language schools in Italy is available at ESL Base - English language schools in Italy.

There are also opportunities to teach English in Italy through the British Council's Teach English as a Language Assistant scheme.

As Italians place such value on networking, a work placement is a great way to build your contacts in the country. An internship is also useful for sharpening your language skills.

Internships in Italy usually last between three and six months with the country especially popular with those looking to get work experience in fashion, architecture and art.

Internships and summer work placements are available at:

• AIESEC UK - a youth organisation that offers career-focused internships for students and recent graduates.
• GoAbroad.com - Internships abroad in Italy - an online search engine for global internships with options for specific countries, including Italy.
• Go Overseas - Internships in Italy - another database of internship listings, you can search the programmes available in Italy and apply direct to the relevant provider.
• Piktalent Italy - a student recruitment organisation that works with hundreds of companies across Europe, with opportunities to intern in major Italian cities such as Milan and Rome.

If you're an EU citizen, or come from Norway, Iceland or Liechtenstein, you won't require a permit to work in Italy. However, to remain in the country for longer than 90 days, you'll need to apply to your local town hall (comune) for residency. They will be able to advise you on the documentation to be submitted along with your application.

Non-EU citizens, including those from the UK, will require a visa, residence and work permit to live and work in the country. There are different types of visa available depending on the purpose of your stay.

When applying, you'll need to submit a completed visa application form, a valid passport, recent passport photographs and supporting documents, which will depend on the type of visa you're applying for. You should also check the required format of these documents, like whether they need to be:

• translated
• originals or copies
• signed electronically or with ink
• dated within a certain time before submission.

If you're a foreign national, you'll need to apply for a residence permit as soon as you arrive.

To find out more about Italian work visas, contact the Italian embassy or consulate in your home country - in the UK this is the Embassy of Italy in London. Alternatively, you can visit the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation.

For the latest foreign travel advice for Italy, see GOV.UK.

In most cases, the ability to speak Italian to a high level is essential for securing a job.

Proficiency in Italian will make living in the country a lot easier too, as many parts of the population don't speak English. English is more likely to be spoken in tourist areas and large towns and cities, but less so in rural areas.

Studying an Italian language course will help you learn the language or further improve your skills to the required standard.

UK qualifications are directly comparable to those in Italy thanks to the Bologna Process, so they should be easily recognised by employers. You can find out more about comparing your international qualifications, by visiting ENIC-NARIC - Italy.

If you're employed in Italy with a social security number then you're entitled to all the benefits, including free public healthcare, annual leave and pensions. If you're self-employed, not all of these benefits may apply.

Family time is an important aspect of Italian culture and as such workers try to strike a healthy work/life balance.

Italians work 36 to 40 hours per week, with the maximum legal working week set at 40 hours, plus eight hours of overtime. As work tends to be highly structured, you'll typically work Monday to Friday, 9am to 1pm, take a one-and-a-half to two-hour lunch break, and then work up to 6pm or 7pm.

All employees are entitled to at least four weeks of paid annual leave, although 22 to 26 days' holiday is common. The country recognises 12 national public holidays, while there are other regional holidays that may be observed.

There are three income tax bands starting from 23% on income up to €28,000 (£23,610), followed by 35% on income to €50,000 (£42,160), and 43% on anything above this amount.

• Discover what it's like to study in Italy.

English is widely spoken but learning some Malay, the official language of the country, before you arrive will stand you in good stead.

When you're not working, you'll be able to take in the sights of metropolitan cities such as Kuala Lumpur, Kota Bharu and Klang, relax on the country's pristine sandy beaches, or explore its lush rainforests, home to around 200 mammal species including the Asian elephant, Malayan tiger and clouded leopard.

For practical information on travelling to and staying in Malaysia, see GOV.UK - Foreign travel advice - Malaysia.

The Malaysian economy has continued to grow in recent years, having transformed itself from a producer of raw materials to a vast, multi-industry and innovation-based economy.

However, there are restrictions in place concerning the number of foreign employees that Malaysian companies can employ, and organisations can only recruit international workers if there are no qualified Malaysians to fill a position. With many qualified nationals graduating each year, competition for jobs is fierce.

More than half of the country's labour force is based in the tertiary sector, also known as the services sector, while the lucrative oil, gas and biotechnology sectors also employ significant numbers of the Malaysian population.

The country's key industries include:

• agriculture
• automotive
• construction
• electronics
• financial services
• medical technology
• tourism.

According to Malaysia's 100 leading graduate employers 2023, an annual poll voted for by local students and graduates, the top 15 most desired employers were:

• Maybank
• Petronas
• KPMG
• RHB Banking Group
• EY
• Bank Islam
• AmBank Group
• SLB
• Bank Negara Malaysia
• Alliance Bank
• Shell Malaysia
• PwC
• PNB
• Nestlé Malaysia
• Intel Malaysia.

Search for jobs in Malaysia at:

• Gradmalaysia
• Hiredly
• Indeed - Malaysia
• Jobstreet Malaysia
• Jora Malaysia
• Naukri - Jobs in Malaysia

• Civil engineer
• Doctor
• Computer and software specialist
• Accountant and accounts analyst
• Business consultant

Malaysia has a critical occupations list (COL), which highlights 37 roles where there's a skills shortage. The top 15 include:

• managing director and chief executive
• finance manager
• business service manager
• quality manager
• manufacturing manager
• construction manager
• information and communications technology (ICT) manager
• industrial and production engineer
• civil engineer
• mechanical engineer
• mining engineer, metallurgist and related professions
• electrical engineer
• aircraft pilot
• manufacturing professional
• environmental and occupational health and hygiene professional.

When it comes to finding graduate jobs, those from the UK will need to have a work permit, and an employer willing to sponsor them and make an application on their behalf.

The easiest way to secure a job is to find a position within an international company in your home country and then get transferred to its Malaysian offices. If this isn't a possibility, you'll need to apply for jobs from your home country.

The majority of large employers recruit their staff using online application forms, while smaller companies tend to request a CV and cover letter. These documents follow the same format as in the UK, where CVs should be no longer than two pages.

Be aware that finding a job upon arrival will be a struggle. Flying to Malaysia on a tourist visa with the intention of finding work once in the country rarely yields successful results, unless you have years of experience and highly sought-after skills.

Thanks to Malaysia's booming tourism industry, seasonal workers can find jobs in hotels, bars, restaurants and with guided excursion companies. If you have some childcare experience, you may also be able to find seasonal work as an au pair.

A great way of improving your CV and gaining work experience is by undertaking voluntary work. There are plenty of opportunities to volunteer in Malaysia, in conservation, community work or teaching.

Volunteering organisations include:

• Fuze Ecoteer
• Go Overseas - Volunteer in Malaysia
• Mercy Malaysia
• Volunteer World - Volunteer projects in Malaysia
• Workaway

While teaching jobs in the country aren't as widely available as in China or Japan, you'll still find a steady demand for English teachers in Malaysia.

You can find work in public schools, private language academies and international schools, or you could provide private lessons.

Unlike when searching for other jobs, you'll need to be in Malaysia if you hope to secure a position, as employers prefer to interview teaching candidates face-to-face. Not all English teaching jobs are advertised, so upon arrival, compile a list of schools, colleges and language centres and apply speculatively.

Most English teaching jobs require a first degree, a recognised TEFL (teaching English as a foreign language) certificate and at least two years' teaching experience.

Look for TEFL vacancies at:

• Go Overseas - Teach English in Malaysia
• International TEFL Academy
• i-to-i.com - Teach English in Malaysia
• Teach Away
• Teaching Abroad
• TEFL.com
• The TEFL Org

It's not always easy to find work experience in the country, as not all employers offer formal opportunities. You're more likely to find large organisations and multinational companies offering internships than smaller businesses, and these typically last for one to three months.

You can find details of the latest work experience and internships at Graduan, Malaysia's leading career guidance and employment resource for new graduates.

In addition to the above, sending speculative applications might help your chances of securing work experience.

Internships and summer work placements for students can also be arranged by:

• AIESEC UK - for students and recent graduates
• IAESTE UK - for science, engineering and applied arts students.

It's very important for foreigners to follow the strict Malaysian immigration laws if they want to work in the country.

While UK nationals don't need a visa for short-stay tourist or business visits, you'll need a visa and work permit to live and work in Malaysia on a long-term or permanent basis.

The government is reluctant to allow foreign workers into the country, concerned that it will reduce the job prospects of Malaysian nationals. In most cases, if you wish to work for a Malaysian company, the organisation must be able to prove that a national is unwilling or unable to do the job.

Once you have a job offer, the firm in question must then apply to the Immigration Department of Malaysia for a work permit, of which there are three:

• an employment pass
• a professional visit pass
• a temporary employment pass.

Each type of pass has its own criteria for acceptance, with a number of stipulations that must be met in order to qualify.

Numerous documents are also required to apply for an employment pass. These include:

• an application letter and letter of appointment from your employer
• an offer of acceptance letter or employment contract
• visa application forms
• a letter of approval from the Ministry of Home Affairs
• original receipts of payment of application
• a copy of your passport
• passport photographs
• copies of your CV and qualifications
• a medical report approved by the Malaysian Ministry of Health.

Malay, also known as Bahasa Malaysia, is the official language of Malaysia and is also spoken in neighbouring Indonesia, Singapore, Thailand and Brunei.

Despite this, the majority of the population have English as their second language, as it's a compulsory subject in schools. As most Malaysians are conversational in English, you won't need to be proficient in Malay to secure a job. However, knowledge of the local language may help you to stand out in the competitive job market.

Make sure you check the specific criteria requested for the job role you're interested in to clarify the language requirements.

With the Malaysian Qualifications Framework (MQF) in place, students with UK qualifications shouldn't have too many issues explaining these to their employers. Higher education providers in the country already recognise the qualification framework of England, Wales and Northern Ireland.

However, if you do encounter any problems, ENIC-NARIC, with the support of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), has provided information and resources for recognition purposes in the Asia-Pacific region.

Offices open 9am to 5pm, Monday to Friday. You'll typically work eight hours a day, five days a week, although some organisations may open their offices for half a day on a Saturday. The maximum number of hours you can work in a normal working week is 45.

Malaysian employees are entitled to a minimum of eight days' paid holidays per year if they've worked for one to two years. This goes up to 12 days for working two to five years, and 16 days for those who've worked for longer than five years. While this is fairly low, there are 11 public holidays.

If you're planning on remaining in Malaysia for more than 182 days in a year, you'll be considered a resident under Malaysian tax law. This means you'll be required to pay taxes. To register for a tax number and pay your tax online, visit the Malaysian Inland Revenue Board (LHDN).

• Discover what it's like to study in Malaysia.
• Explore the benefits of living in Malaysia at Tourism Malaysia.

With more bicycles than people - a staggering 23 million bikes on 32,000 kilometres of track - your morning commute will be a delightful contrast to the usual traffic jams and train journeys. With its picturesque cities, innovative industries, and welcoming culture, the Netherlands is an attractive destination for expats seeking new opportunities.

The Netherlands isn't just famous for its windmills and tulips - the country is a world leader in agriculture in terms of food exports.

Its top commodities include:

• machinery and transport equipment
• clothing and footwear
• mineral fuels
• pharmaceuticals.

• Agriculture
• Energy
• Engineering
• Finance
• Healthcare

Known as the European transportation hub, the Netherlands' main trading partners are:

• Germany
• Belgium
• France
• the UK
• China
• the USA.

The country is home to some of the world's largest multinational companies, including:

• Just Eat
• Philips
• Shell
• Heineken.

These firms offer a variety of job opportunities for international workers.

You can search for jobs in the Netherlands at:

• Indeed.nl
• Nationale Vacaturebank
• StepStone
• Undutchables
• Xpat Jobs

With one of the lowest unemployment rates in Europe, dropping to less than 3.6% in recent years, it may come as a surprise to hear that the Netherlands is experiencing skills shortages.  

Some areas facing shortages include:

• doctors and medical staff
• builders
• agricultural workers
• teachers.

You'll be highly valued by employers if you can contribute skills in any of these fields.

For more information, see Wage Centre - shortage occupations in the Netherlands.

To get a job, you'll generally need Dutch work permission. This is usually straightforward for European Union (EU)/European Economic Area (EEA) citizens. For non-EU/EEA citizens, including the UK, employment opportunities are limited, typically only available in exceptional circumstances where there are no suitable EU/EEA or Dutch candidates.

Applying for a job typically involves sending a CV and cover letter. You can start your job search from home using job boards, contacting companies directly, or networking on platforms like LinkedIn.

If there are no advertised positions that interest you, consider sending a speculative application to companies you'd like to work for. Dutch employers often appreciate a proactive approach.

Alternatively, you can start your job search in the Netherlands by checking local and national newspaper listings.

If you're shortlisted, you might attend multiple interviews with different people at the company. Some firms offer video interviews for candidates abroad. Larger employers may use psychometric tests and assessment centres to filter candidates. For all assessments, dress professionally and arrive on time. The Dutch value punctuality highly.

A summer job is a great way to explore a new country, gain international experience, and earn a wage. The tourism and hospitality sectors offer plenty of casual, seasonal work opportunities, so consider jobs in bars, cafés, restaurants, or campsites.

If you're between 18 and 25 with childcare experience, au pairing could be a good option. Temping is also popular in the Netherlands. Sign up with an agency like Manpower or Adecco.nl for alerts and guidance on short-term opportunities.

If you're not limited financially, volunteering is another option.

Although Dutch nationals are taught English from a young age, and The English Proficiency Index 2024 revealed the Netherlands as the top country for non-native English speakers, teaching jobs may be harder to come by than in other European countries.

Nevertheless, some opportunities do exist. The Netherlands is home to many private international schools, particularly in the Amsterdam and Den Hague areas. Here, you'll assist students in honing their business English skills.  

While the academic calendar typically runs from September to July, with some regional variations, opportunities are available all year round.

To apply, you'll typically need a Bachelors degree or equivalent, a TEFL certificate, and proof of your language proficiency where required. As teaching is a regulated profession, you'll need to have these qualifications recognised by the Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science.

Internships are available in various fields, including:

• healthcare
• construction
• marketing
• IT.

While they offer valuable work experience and research opportunities for students, employers are not legally required to pay interns. Internship duration is determined by the employer.

Generally, internships are not available to graduates.

You can search for internship opportunities at:

• Go Overseas
• StageMotor
• Stage Plaza
• Together.abroad

The Global Talent Programme provides three to 12-month graduate internships in marketing and business throughout various cities in the Netherlands.

AIESEC

The Global Talent Programme provides 3 to 12-moth graduate internships in marketing and business throughout various cities in the Netherlands.

If you're from outside the EU/EEA or Switzerland, like the UK, you'll need a residence and work permit. You may be able to do business-related activities without a visa for up to 90 days in any 180-day period. The specific process depends on your employment status. Find out more by visiting the Immigration and Naturalisation Service (IND).

If you're from an EU/EEA country or Switzerland, you can enter and work in the Netherlands with the same rights as Dutch citizens. You'll need to register with the local authorities within five days of arrival if you plan to stay longer than four months.

Once registered, you'll receive a Citizen Service Number (BSN), essential for tasks like opening a bank account and paying taxes. You'll also need to set up your health insurance within the first four months to access the Dutch healthcare system. All Dutch companies are required to offer basic health insurance to their employees. If you're staying for less than 12 months, a Global Health Insurance Card (GHIC) will suffice.

Fluency in Dutch isn't strictly necessary, as English is the official business language and many Dutch cities, especially Utrecht and Rotterdam, offer ample opportunities for English-speaking professionals.

However, having some Dutch language skills can significantly boost your chances of securing employment, advancing your career, and fully integrating into Dutch society.

For sectors like marketing that require networking, or for roles involving close collaboration with the Dutch government, proficiency in Dutch is crucial.

Your local tax office may offer discounted Dutch language courses, as work-related education is often tax deductible. Alternatively, visit Undutchables - Dutch language courses for courses at all levels in your chosen city.

Thanks to both countries' involvement in the Bologna Process, which standardises qualifications across participating EU countries, UK qualifications are directly comparable to those in the Netherlands. To learn more about how the Dutch education system compares to other international systems, visit Nuffic.

Full-time employees typically work 36-40 hours a week, Monday to Friday. Some opt for a four-day week, working longer hours over fewer days, while many choose to work part-time. Full-time employees are guaranteed at least 20 days (four weeks) of annual leave.

Wages are reviewed twice a year. For workers aged 21 and over (as of January 2025), the hourly wage is €14.06 (£11.73).

For younger employees, the wage increases annually, starting from €4.22 per hour (£3.53) at age 15 to €11.25 (£9.41) at age 20.

If you were hired from abroad to work in the Netherlands, you might be eligible for the Dutch '30% ruling'. This is a tax benefit for highly skilled foreign workers. It allows you to pay less tax on your salary for the first five years of working in the Netherlands.

This applies to employees recruited from at least 150km outside the Dutch border (including the UK) for positions with a minimum taxable income of €46,107 (£38,547) before the ruling is applied. For more information, see the Dutch tax office.

• Discover what it's like to study in the Netherlands.

A number of job sectors are expanding - including construction, healthcare, and the professional, scientific and technical services industry - and the New Zealand government are looking to attract workers from other countries to fill the skills gap, meaning there are good job prospects for international workers.

The country also enjoys a temperate climate, uncrowded communities and a low crime rate. Popular destinations include Auckland, Waikato and Wellington on the North Island, and Canterbury and Otago on the South Island.

No matter where you decide to settle, there's plenty to see and do - from exploring mountain trails and national parks to enjoying the sights and attractions of metropolitan cities and beach towns.

If you have the right skills and experience, it's always a good time to look for work in New Zealand.

There are currently plenty of job openings in industries such as business services, engineering, IT, retail and medicine - however, there are also opportunities to contribute more general skills.

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) account for a huge number of New Zealand businesses, while even the country's larger businesses are considered small by international standards.

Higher education institutions and the following organisations are all popular graduate employers:

• Air New Zealand
• ANZ Bank New Zealand
• Fonterra
• IBM
• Te Whatu Ora (Health New Zealand)
• Xero.

Because of competition for jobs, it's not uncommon for international job hunters to accept more junior positions in order to gain experience of working in New Zealand.

Don't limit your options by ruling out contract or part-time work - as this can sometimes lead to permanent employment.

Search for jobs in New Zealand at:

• Careers.govt.nz
• GradConnection
• SEEK
• Trade Me Jobs
• WorkHere
• Working In New Zealand

• Construction
• Engineering
• Financial services
• Healthcare
• IT

Certain skills are in short supply and to help combat this, fast-track residency pathways are listed at Immigration New Zealand - Skill shortage list checker.

Occupations on the Green List of highly skilled roles at Tier 1 (Straight to Residence Visa pathway) include:

• aerospace engineer
• ambulance paramedic
• building project manager
• cardiologist
• careers counsellor
• civil engineer
• dairy farm manager
• database administrator
• environmental research scientist
• ICT project manager
• internal auditor
• midwife
• multimedia specialist
• naval architect
• physiotherapist
• quantity surveyor
• registered nurse (medical practice)
• secondary school teacher
• software tester
• veterinarian.

You'll need to look for and secure a job before being granted a visa and moving to the country. Applications are typically made online with a CV and cover letter. CVs in New Zealand differ in the sense that they rarely list all past jobs, instead they explain the skills you have and provide examples of how you've used them.

If your application passes the first stage, you may be offered a telephone interview. Face-to-face interviews tend to be informal and may be led by up to four people. Make sure you've thoroughly researched the position and the company before your interview.

A number of jobs aren't formally advertised, so making connections, networking and applying speculatively can prove useful.

Every year, thousands of workers are needed to help harvest the country's fruit crops. Thanks to the budding tourist trade, you can also find employment in bars, restaurants, cafes, hotels, and at campsites and holiday parks.

During the winter season you may also be able to find opportunities at ski resorts.

If you have some childcare experience, you could find work as an au pair.

You can begin your search to find seasonal work at SEEK - Summer jobs.

If you want to give your CV a boost, there are a large number of voluntary agencies located throughout New Zealand. You can search for opportunities by type and location at Volunteering New Zealand.

For gap year and working holiday opportunities, you can sort these out through an operator such as Letz Live or Go Overseas.

There's always tough competition for teaching positions in New Zealand, with most teachers coming from countries such as England, Canada and America. Teachers of science, technology and mathematics are in high demand at both primary and secondary level. Supply teachers are also highly sought-after.

Gaining a position is dependent on your previous teaching experience and qualifications. To check your eligibility and to discover how to apply to teach in the country, visit the Teaching Council of New Zealand website.

To teach English as a foreign language (TEFL), you will usually require a Bachelors degree, plus a TEFL certificate. English is widely spoken, but you may still find opportunities in private language schools.

Upon arrival in New Zealand, teachers must register with the Teaching Council for your qualifications to be assessed by the New Zealand Qualifications Authority (NZQA).

Popular places in New Zealand for those who want to teach include:

• Auckland
• Christchurch
• Queenstown
• Wellington.

Work placements and internships have a number of advantages. They can help you to develop your skills and experience and provide you with relevant contacts, who may be in a position to help you get a permanent job.

Good places to start searching for work experience in the country include:

• BUNAC - Intern and work combo NZ
• The Intern Group - Internships in New Zealand
• Intern NZ
• Internship New Zealand
• New Zealand Internships

Speaking to companies directly is also a proven way of finding non-advertised opportunities.

There are several types of visa available if you want to live and work in New Zealand, either permanently or temporarily, and these are explained in more depth at Immigration New Zealand - Explore visa options.

To summarise, if you're from an accepted country, such as the UK, are aged between 18 and 35 and want to work on a temporary basis, you can apply for the Working Holiday Visa. The visa lasts for 12, 23 or 36 months, depending on which one you apply for.

To be eligible to work, the primary purpose of your trip must be to work for up to 36 months, or engage in training or study for up to six months. The visa costs 420 New Zealand Dollars (NZD), which works out at £202.

Other options include the:

• Accredited Employer Work Visa - opt for this visa if you possess the necessary qualifications and experience for a particular role and have been offered a full-time job. It's valid for up to five years and costs NZD750 (£361).
• Skilled Migrant Category Resident Visa - for those who have the skills, qualifications and experience to meet a New Zealand employer's need and are looking for a permanent long-term position (indefinite stay in the country). Once you have a job offer from an accredited employer, you can submit an expression of interest (EOI). The visa costs from NZD4,290 (£2,067).
• Work to Residence Visa - if you're currently working for, or have a job offer from, an accredited employer, and have worked in a Tier 2 Green List in-demand job for two years then you may qualify for this visa. You need to be aged 55 or younger to apply and the visa costs from NZD4,290 (£2,067).
• Straight to Residence Visa - this visa is for those who are working for, or who have a job offer from, an accredited employer on Tier 1 of the Green List in-demand roles. The visa costs from NZD4,290 (£2,067).

When considering applicants, Immigration New Zealand uses a points system. You get points for age, experience, employability and qualifications.

If you're not from the UK, contact the New Zealand embassy in your country of residence for more information on visas and work permits.

New Zealand's three official languages are English, Maori and New Zealand Sign Language.

Most business is done in English, and most organisations require competency in spoken and written English.

Employers usually understand UK qualifications as the New Zealand education system is based on England's framework, but you'll need to clarify that this is the case before submitting your application.

Trade certificates, diplomas, Bachelor degrees and postgraduate qualifications are all acknowledged.

The average working hours in New Zealand are typically between 35 and 40 hours a week across five days, with 40 hours being the maximum allowed.

The minimum wage for adults aged 16 years or over is currently set at NZD23.15 (April 2024), which converts to around £11.15 per hour.

Holiday entitlement is generous by international standards. Workers are entitled to at least four weeks' annual leave and New Zealand has 11 public holidays. If you work on a public holiday your employer must pay you extra. Public holidays include:

• New Year's Day
• Day after New Year's Day
• Waitangi Day
• Good Friday
• Easter Monday
• Anzac Day
• King's Birthday
• Matariki
• Labour Day
• Christmas Day
• Boxing Day.

Income tax and Goods and Services Tax (GST) is how New Zealand fund services for the benefit of all residents, and your salary in New Zealand is subject to income tax, whether you're considered a resident or are simply in the country on a temporary basis.

Personal income tax is calculated as below (from 1 April 2021):

• 39% for income over NZD180,000
• 33% on income from NZD70,001 to NZD180,000
• 30% on income from NZD48,001 to NZD70,000
• 17.5% on income from NZD14,001 to NZD48,000
• 10.5% on income up to NZD14,000.

To get more information on taxes for workers in New Zealand visit the New Zealand Inland Revenue.

According to Numbeo, the standard of living in New Zealand is very high, while the cost of living is moderate, being slightly higher than the UK, although rent is considerably lower.

• Discover what it's like to study in New Zealand.
• Get the lowdown on living in the country at Live and Work New Zealand.

Norway has a thriving economy and a low unemployment rate but international workers can sometimes struggle to get their foot in the door. To increase your chances of finding work you should learn Norwegian. While English is widely spoken, the local language is used in many organisations. Getting to grips with Norwegian will open a variety of opportunities and will also help you to settle into your new home.

Networking is also important and job opportunities are often advertised through word of mouth and gained by knowing the right people. Taking on summer, temporary or part-time work is a great way to build contacts and expand your professional network.

While the cost of living in Norway is relatively high it's a country of great natural beauty, which you can enjoy for free. Embrace the outdoor culture and get hiking, cycling and skiing.

Norway has a stable economy and an unemployment rate of 4.1% (September 2024). The country is rich in natural resources such as oil and gas, fish, forests and minerals. 

The services sector forms a large part of the Norwegian economy, and major industries include: 

• fishing
• hydro power
• mining
• petroleum and gas
• paper products
• shipping
• tourism.

Large companies include:

• BNP Paribas
• Equinor
• Joh Johannson Handel
• NorgesGruppen
• Norsk Hydro
• Orkla
• Storebrand Livsforsikring (life insurance)
• Telenor Group
• Yara International.

• Fishing
• Food processing
• Mining
• Textiles
• Tourism

While Norwegian employers are often reluctant to hire international workers, preferring to give jobs to able nationals, opportunities are available for skilled candidates as long as they know where to look. 

Look for vacancies at:

• Arbeidsplassen 
• JobbDirekte 
• Jobbsys.no 
• Jobbnorge 
• The Local Norway 

International workers may have more luck securing a job if their skills are in demand. Workers are needed in the following sectors: 

• agriculture 
• building and construction 
• engineering 
• healthcare and nursing 
• IT 
• retail 
• teaching 
• tourism.

To ingratiate yourself into Norwegian society and to increase your chances of finding work you'll need to learn the language. 

Most jobs are advertised on the internet and many newspapers, including Aftenposten, Dagbladet, and The Norway Post, also advertise opportunities. 

The method of applying for jobs in Norway is similar to that in the UK. You'll submit a two-page CV and cover letter, to which you'll attach copies of your references and qualifications, before attending an interview. Each application should be tailored to the role and CVs and cover letters should be submitted in Norwegian, unless otherwise stated. 

When it comes to interviews, make sure you're on time - Norwegians pride themselves on their punctuality.

Seasonal work and casual jobs are widely available for international employees in sectors including: 

• agriculture and horticulture 
• fish processing 
• forestry 
• hospitality 
• tourism. 

You could also try cleaning, fruit picking, becoming an au pair, or working in a warehouse or factory. 

Seasonal workers can be granted a special residence permit if they're going to do a job that can only be done at a certain time of year. 

You can also find summer jobs, seasonal work, gap year or volunteering opportunities at: 

• Gig Exchange 
• GoAbroad.com 
• OneWorld365 
• Seasonal Jobs Abroad

English is widely spoken so opportunities to teach English as a foreign language may be limited to cities such as Oslo and Bergen. 

However, opportunities still exist. Public and private schools, international schools and language institutions are likely places of employment. 

You don't need to be fluent in Norwegian, but a working knowledge of the language will help you gain a position, as will relevant experience, a TEFL qualification and a degree. 

View a list of language schools at ESL Base.

Internships and work placements can be an effective way for foreign workers to get their foot in the door of the Norwegian job market. The majority of opportunities will be based within large companies in the south, in cities such as Oslo, Bergen and Trondheim. 

Internships and summer work placements for students can be arranged by: 

• AIESEC UK 
• IAESTE UK 

While Norway isn't a member of the European Union (EU), it is a member of the European Economic Area (EEA). 

UK citizens can travel to countries in the Schengen area (which includes Norway) for up to 90 days in any 180-day period without a visa. However, if you plan to work in Norway or stay for more than three months you must apply for a residence permit. 

There are different types of permit depending on your circumstances and the type of work you will be doing, so check with the Norwegian Directorate of Immigration (UDI) before applying. 

For example, if you're a UK national and want to enter Norway as a jobseeker, you'll only be able to do so if you can prove you're a skilled worker. All other jobseekers must wait until they've received a job offer and have been granted a residence permit before moving to the country. 

Other types of work permit include those for skilled workers, seasonal workers and au pairs. The required documentation is different for each type of permit so research what you'll need to submit beforehand. Applications are usually made via the Norwegian Embassy in your home country. 

All EU/EEA citizens are allowed to live and work in Norway without a visa for three months before having to register with the police. Jobseekers who fail to find employment after six months must leave the country, before starting the process again. EU/EEA citizens are automatically eligible for permanent residence after five years. 

Norway ranks third in the world for having the highest number of people who speak English as a second language. Many well-educated Norwegians can speak English fluently, and some large companies use English as their working language. However, most jobs require workers to have fluent knowledge of Norwegian. Regardless, learning it will greatly increase your options and potentially lead to better salaries. Norwegian language courses are available in the UK. 

UK qualifications are generally recognised and comparable to their Norwegian counterparts due to the Bologna process but check with the employer before applying. Certain professions will require you to become authorised. See the Norwegian Agency for Quality Assurance in Education (NOKUT) or ENIC-NARIC for more information. 

Norwegians work 34 hours per week on average. Working hours are generally from 8am to 4pm, Monday to Friday, including an unpaid lunch break. Any work beyond nine hours a day or 40 hours a week is considered overtime, which is often paid at time-and-a-half. 

You're entitled to at least 25 days of annual leave per year. Norway has 12 public holidays. 

The work culture is characterised by a flat structure in which employees are empowered to work autonomously, with decisions typically made democratically. The dress code is often informal. 

While there is no national minimum wage, minimum salaries have been introduced in certain sectors such as construction, maritime, agriculture and hospitality. 

• Discover what it's like to study in Norway.

You'll also enjoy a lower cost of living than most European countries, have the chance to learn a new language and, thanks to Poland's central location, experience the mix of the western and eastern European cultures. 

There are plenty of jobs available for foreigners who are considering working in Poland - in fact, it's become one of the largest business process outsourcing/shared services centres (BPO/SSCs) in Europe. 

Although the majority of the country's workforce is in the services sector, other industries include: 

• beverages 
• chemicals 
• coal mining 
• food processing 
• iron and steel 
• glass 
• machine building 
• shipbuilding 
• textiles. 

• Automotive
• Business
• Construction
• Engineering
• IT

There are several multinationals based in Poland as well as major local companies, including: 

• Agora SA 
• Asseco Group 
• Diebold Nixdorf 
• FCA Group 
• GSK (GlaxoSmithKline) Poland 
• LOT Polish Airlines 
• Nordea Group 
• Orange Polska 
• PKN Orlen 
• PKO Bank Polski 
• Poznan Volkswagen 
• RBS Poland 
• T-Mobile Polska 
• Toyota Motor Poland. 

For a helpful guide to the Polish labour market and multinational companies based in Poland, see the Careers in Poland Guidebook.  

In addition to large businesses with a presence in Poland, the country is home to some successful start-ups - for example: 

•  LiveChat 
• Brand24 
• Estimote 
• Brainly. 

The following industries are suffering shortages: 

• information technology 
• engineering 
• healthcare 
• human resources 
• marketing. 

Most workers apply for jobs from their home country, typically through a jobs portal. Alternatively, you could find work through a multinational company with offices in Poland. 

You can search the listings on the following job sites: 

• Careerjet.pl - in Polish 
• Careers In Poland 
• Infopraca.pl 
• Jobs In Warsaw 
• Kariera w Finansach - in Polish 
• Praca.pl 
• Reed 

As well as private recruitment agencies, those arriving from EU member states, or the European Economic Area (EEA) can make use of the services provided by Polish district labour offices for help with getting a job. 

An easy way to job hunt from home is to use social media to search for opportunities - jobs are advertised on GoldenLine, Poland's LinkedIn equivalent. 

Numerous Polish newspapers also contain comprehensive job vacancy sections, including: 

• GazetaPraca.pl 
• The Warsaw Voice 
• Życie Warszawy 

Similar to the UK, if you'd like to work for a particular organisation, you could send them a speculative application directly using a CV and cover letter. However, most employers expect applications to be written in  Polish , unless it's stated that English is acceptable. 

You'll also need to add a protection clause to the end of your CV, which gives employers permission to process your personal data. The clause is as follows: 

• Wyrażam zgodę na przetwarzanie moich danych osobowych dla potrzeb niezbędnych do realizacji procesu rekrutacji (zgodnie z Ustawą z dnia 29.08.1997 roku o Ochronie Danych Osobowych; (tekst jednolity: Dz.U. z 2015r., poz. 2135). 

If you're submitting an application in English, the clause translates to: 

• I hereby give consent for my personal data included in my application to be processed for the purposes of the recruitment process under the Personal Data Protection Act as of 29 August 1997, consolidated text: Journal of Laws 2015, item 2135 as amended. 

Should you be invited for an interview, if you're from a non-EU country it's important to check whether you'll first need a visa from your local Polish embassy before booking your travel. 

During the busy summer season, you'll be able to find casual work in hotels, restaurants and bars - as well as at large companies. Check the job sites above for vacancies with the latter, apply speculatively or, if you're already in the country, enquire in person. 

Since joining the EU in 2004, the demand for Polish workers to grasp the EU's international business language is more important than ever. Teaching English as a foreign language is therefore one of the most accessible jobs for native English speakers living in Poland. Teaching positions are available in a range of settings, such as state schools, private language schools, language camps or as a private tutor. 

You'll need a good Bachelors degree and a teaching license to be considered for these roles, which typically last for one year. They're usually advertised in January and the summer months (June to August). 

For more information on teaching English in Poland, see TEFL.org.uk. Look for positions at: 

• ESLstarter 
• Go Overseas 
• Impact Teaching 

Securing an internship could give your CV a boost while gaining valuable work experience and allowing you to sample life in another country. With this experience, you'll be a favourable candidate when looking for graduate jobs. 

A number of global businesses have a presence in Poland. You can visit individual websites to find opportunities or try the speculative approach and contact companies directly to enquire. 

It's not unheard of for internships in Poland to be offered with paid-for accommodation as compensation, rather than a full salary. Paid positions are likely to offer close to the Polish minimum wage, which is 28ZL (£5.50) per hour. 

Visit Praktyki.edu.pl and Go Overseas to see what's currently available. 

If you're a citizen of a country within the European Union (EU), you can move to Poland and begin your hunt for work immediately, without the need for a work permit. However, as you'll likely be working for more than three months, you'll need to obtain a temporary residence permit, which lasts for up to three years. This can be arranged at your nearest Voivodeship Office. 

EU nationals may also be entitled to have certain types of health and social security coverage transferred to the country in which they go to seek work. For country-specific information, see the European Commission. 

In order to qualify for a work permit, non-EU workers, such as those from the UK, will usually need an official employment offer from a Polish company. 

For the most up-to-date visa information relating to UK nationals, see the Embassy of the Republic of Poland in London. 

As Polish is the country's national language and spoken by most of the population, proficiency is likely to be a pre-requisite for many jobs. 

However, the country has one of the highest rates of English as a second language in the world, particularly with younger generations. There are plenty of English-speaking opportunities in the business world. 

Not understanding Polish can be a barrier to communication, especially with the older generation, so aim to have at least some understanding before you arrive. Polish language courses are held across the UK, while many websites exist to help you learn a language or improve your skills. Pick up basic words and phrases at BBC Languages - Polish and Study in Poland - Polish language. 

Poland is a member of the Bologna process and part of the European Higher Education Area (EHEA), so you should find that your UK qualifications are comparable to their Polish equivalent and will therefore be fully recognised by employers. For further details on comparisons with Polish qualifications, see Go! Poland - Recognition of degrees. 

However, if it's necessary to get your qualifications evaluated - for example, to work in a regulated profession in Poland - you can search the list of professions with specific requirements. 

Annual leave in Polish companies typically stands at 20 days per year. Regular office hours are typically 8am-4pm or 9am-5pm but working time cannot exceed eight hours every 24 hours. You can opt out of this by written request, but it must be included in your employment contract. Overtime also cannot exceed 150 hours in a calendar year. 

In some roles, you may also have to work 8am-2pm on Saturdays, but you may exchange any days you work outside the five-day week for a day off. 

While hierarchal structures in businesses still exist, the authoritarian corporate culture is beginning to give way to a more open dialogue between managers and staff. Poles are usually very open, friendly and tolerant, but smart business dress is the norm and meetings can be formal, direct and professional, and punctuality is taken very seriously. 

In the office, be prepared to address people by their professional title and family name rather than their first name - and avoid shaking hands in a doorway, as locals might consider this to bring bad luck. 

According to Numbeo.com, the cost of living in Poland is 31% lower than in the UK - rent is also cheaper on average, by around 45% - although wages are typically lower too. 

Social media is a great tool for finding like-minded people when moving to a new country - groups such as Krakow Expats and Expats in Warsaw will help you settle in.

• Discover what it's like to study in Poland.
• Get useful advice for your job hunt and view the latest roles at Careers in Poland.

Written by Editor

Casual work is common as the Portuguese economy relies heavily on tourism, resulting in an abundance of teaching English as a foreign language posts. However, competition for graduate jobs is fierce - especially in major cities such as Lisbon and Porto.

That's where a strong understanding of, and fluency in, Portuguese will set you ahead of other foreign candidates with little or no knowledge of the language. Taking a course in your home country before you start to look for work is recommended.

The services sector dominates the Portuguese economy, while jobs can also be found in telecommunications, property, aerospace and biotechnology.

Lisbon is something of a start-up hub, with IT being one of the country's key growth areas.

• Biotechnology
• Chemical products
• Healthcare
• IT
• Pharmaceuticals

Other major industries in Portugal include:

• automobiles
• construction
• electronics
• footwear
• hospitality
• textiles
• tourism
• transportation.

The capital city of Lisbon is home to a number of global companies including:

• Accenture
• AstraZeneca
• Capgemini
• Deloitte
• Google
• Mercedes-Benz
• Nestlé
• Nokia
• Siemens
• Volkswagen.

Search for job vacancies in Portugal at:

• Empregos online (in Portuguese)
• English Jobs In Portugal
• Indeed.pt (in Portuguese)
• Jobs In Lisbon (English-speaking jobs)
• Jobs In Portugal for Foreigners
• Jooble - English speaking jobs in Portugal
• Reed - Jobs in Portugal
• Totaljobs - Jobs in Portugal

There's a shortage of skilled workers in:

• agriculture
• communications (mainly call centre managers)
• engineers
• healthcare (doctors and nurses)
• hotel and restaurant staff.

With such strong competition for jobs, European Union (EU) and European Economic Area (EEA) nationals should start looking for work as early as possible. If you're from outside the EU, such as the UK, you'll need to look for and secure a job before moving to the country.

For online applications, some employers may ask standard questions while others focus on open-ended questions. Cover letters should never exceed one side of A4, although CVs can be up to three pages long - but it's still advisable to aim for two pages. Unless otherwise specified, all applications should be made in Portuguese.

Networking is important for foreign nationals hoping to find work and speculative applications are welcomed, particularly at small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).

Many companies use several rounds of interviews to filter candidates, while psychometric or technical testing is also common. It can take some time to discover the result of interviews, so be prepared to wait.

Seasonal work in tourism can sometimes provide a launch pad into an entry-level graduate job, while also helping to improve your language skills.

There's a particular need for temporary workers in the hotel and catering industries and casual work can usually be found in bars and restaurants.

If you've gained some basic childcare experience, you may also be able to find work as an au pair.

Search for seasonal vacancies in the country on sites such as Anywork Anywhere and One World 365.

Voluntary work is a useful option for many people heading abroad. Not only will it put your language skills to the test and help you understand more about Portuguese culture, it could help you create lasting contacts and enhance your CV.

This can be anything from placements concerned with sport and culture to those focused on social care and the environment.

For successful applicants to EU schemes such as those available through the European Youth Portal, accommodation, travel, food and insurance are all typically covered by a European grant and you may even receive a small monthly allowance.

To find volunteering opportunities run by dedicated organisations, visit:

• International Volunteer HQ
• Volunteer World
• Workaway
• Worldpackers

Proficiency in English is a highly sought-after skill. There are a number of English language schools in the country and to teach here you'll generally need an undergraduate degree and a TEFL certification.

Organisations that provide TEFL training as well as teaching opportunities in Portugal include:

• International TEFL Academy
• i-to-i - Teach English in Portugal
• The TEFL Academy
• The TEFL Org

You don't need to be fluent in Portuguese upon arrival, as it's important to create an English-speaking atmosphere in the classroom.

You're more likely to find teaching work of this nature in cities such as Braga, Coimbra, Lisbon and Porto. Contracts generally run from September to June and there are also opportunities to teach at summer camps.

For a directory of Portuguese language schools, see ESL BASE - TEFL courses in Portugal.

There are also opportunities to teach English through the British Council.

Internships and summer work placements for students can be arranged by:

• AIESEC UK - students and recent graduates
• IAESTE UK - for science, engineering and applied arts students.

Paid five-month, EU-based traineeships can be found at European Commission - Blue Book Traineeships.

Internships are also offered by:

• GoAbroad.com
• Go Overseas
• Piktalent
• The Intern Group

All UK nationals need a long-stay visa if they want to stay in Portugal for more than 90 days in any 180-day period.

There are different visas, such as temporary stay (less than one year) and residence (longer than one year). There are also different work visas depending on the type of work you do.

Visit the Consulate General of Portugal in London to find out more about the types of visas and where to apply.

Non-EU nationals can only secure a residence permit if they have a formal offer of employment from a Portuguese employer. As companies are encouraged to hire Portuguese citizens or EU nationals in the first instance, obtaining a work permit can be difficult.

If you do manage to secure a job, your employer should supply a copy of your contract so you can apply for a residence permit from your local Portuguese embassy - for UK citizens, this would be the Embassy of Portugal in the United Kingdom, based in London.

EU, EEA and Swiss nationals do not need a work permit to work in Portugal. You initially have six months to find work and after this period you must apply for a residence permit from the Agency for Integration, Migration, and Asylum (AIMA).

While many Portuguese people are able to converse in English, it's important to have a strong grasp of Portuguese before you consider working in the country.

Aside from the fact that it may help you stand out among other foreign workers, knowing the language will help when filling out application forms and making speculative applications.

While Portugal has a population of just over ten million, Portuguese is spoken by more than 250 million people and is one of the top ten most spoken languages in the world.

There are many websites and courses around to help you learn, so do some research in your home country. Free beginner courses are available from the BBC and Loecsen.

Aside from knowing Portuguese, multilingual workers are often required in tourism hotspots, the property sector and call centres.

Following the Bologna Process, UK qualifications are recognised by a large number of employers throughout the EU.

To find out more about the recognition of your qualifications, see Portuguese NARIC.

Usual business hours are 9am to 6pm, Monday to Friday, with a one to two-hour break for lunch. The legal maximum is an eight-hour work day and 40 hours per week.

Full-time employees are entitled to 22 paid annual leave days per year. In addition, there are 13 public holidays.

The current minimum wage in Portugal is €820 per month (£691), which works out at €11,480 per year (£9,670), with 14 payments made during this period.

• Discover what it's like to study in Portugal.
• Explore jobs for overseas workers in Portugal at bePortugal.

Written by Editor

Singapore has a successful free-market economy and consistently ranks among the least corrupt nations in the world. Unemployment is low, and its port is one of the busiest in the world.

Exports, such as electronics, chemicals, scientific instruments, pharmaceuticals, and processed food and beverages, are vital to the economy. The country also relies heavily on its transportation, business, and financial services sectors, with the strongest labour markets predicted to be the energy and utilities sector, communication services and the financials and real estate sectors.

Singapore's workforce is extremely multicultural, comprising Chinese, Malay, and Indian workers, as well as expatriates from all over the world. While the government has taken steps to reduce the country's reliance on foreign labour, particularly in unskilled roles, Singapore remains an open and diverse society that attracts many graduate international workers .

Singapore's government is committed to attracting and retaining foreign labour, with policies and initiatives to make it easier for international talent to live and work in Singapore. This includes the Overseas Network & Expertise Pass, which allows high-earners and achievers to live in Singapore without securing employment first.

International companies with operations in Singapore include:

• Accenture
• AXA
• BNP Paribas
• Citibank
• Deloitte
• Deutsche Bank
• EY
• ExxonMobil
• GlaxoSmithKline
• HSBC
• IBM
• InterContinental Hotels Group
• Johnson & Johnson
• KPMG
• Novartis
• PwC
• Proctor & Gamble
• Shell
• Siemens.

• chemicals
• electronics
• financial services
• processed food and beverages
• ship repair
• telecommunications equipment

According to the Manpower Group's 2023 Talent Shortage Survey, Singaporean employers say they are struggling to find candidates with the right combination of hard and soft skills.

The report states that the following sectors are experiencing a talent shortage:

• healthcare and life sciences
• consumer goods and services
• information technology
• industrials and materials
• transport, logistics and automotive.

You do not need to be based in Singapore to apply for jobs - many websites allow you to search for work and apply online. Useful job sites include:

• Adzuna
• Careers@Gov
• GradConnection Singapore
• GradSingapore
• Jobcentral
• Jobstreet

You can apply for jobs in Singapore online, but it's important to check company websites for specific application instructions. Some companies may require you to submit a CV and cover letter, while others may ask you to complete an online application form.

You may also want to consider networking with people in your field who live in Singapore. This can be a great way to learn more about the job market and to get your foot in the door with potential employers. Registering with recruitment agencies is another good way to find job openings in the country.

If you're not in Singapore, initial interviews may be held via phone or video. However, keep in mind that large multinational companies may require you to attend an assessment centre in person.

English is the main language of business in Singapore, so all applications and interviews will be conducted in English. You must secure a job offer before you can apply for a work permit.

If you're looking for work in Singapore, the country is a tourism hotspot, so you may be able to find casual work in hotels, hostels, bars, and restaurants. However, keep in mind that these jobs may be competitive and may not pay well.

If you're aged between 18 and 25, the Singapore Work Holiday Programme allows university students and recent graduates from 11 countries (including the UK) to work in the country for up to six months on a holiday visa. This is a great option for gaining work experience in Singapore and exploring the country.

You can also find volunteer opportunities in Singapore. There are various projects to get involved in, from working with children and the elderly to tackling community issues. You can also work on animal conservation, environmental, health, social care, sports, or education projects.

For volunteering opportunities in Singapore, see:

• Giving SG
• City of Good
• SGCares

If you're looking for a more permanent job in Singapore, you'll need to apply for a work permit. To do this, you'll need to secure a job offer from a Singaporean employer. Once you have a job offer, you can apply for a work permit through the Ministry of Manpower.

English is the official language of education and business in Singapore, so if you're a native or proficient speaker you'll be able to teach in the country.

To work in public schools, you'll need to be approved by the Ministry of Education Singapore, while the large expat community means there are also opportunities in foreign schools. You'll usually need a Bachelors degree and a teaching qualification to be considered. The National Institute of Education - Singapore is the only teacher training centre in the country.

Despite English being widely spoken there is a demand for TEFL teachers, although jobs aren't as widespread as in other Asian countries. To teach English as a foreign language, you'll usually need a TEFL qualification and some previous teaching experience. Some companies may also require you to have a Bachelors degree.

The school year begins in January, with a month-long holiday in June. Teachers are generally hired to start training in July.

It's also possible to teach English in Singapore with the British Council.

Competition for internships and work experience opportunities is fierce. Be proactive and arrange placements directly with companies. You should also consider applying speculatively, as many opportunities aren't advertised. Keep checking the websites of the organisations you're interested in for any intern vacancies that occur.

InternSG is a useful resource.

You could also complete an internship as part of the Singapore Work Holiday Programme.

In addition, AIESEC (Association Internationale des Etudiants en Sciences Economiques et Commerciales) provides students with training and internship opportunities at for-profit and non-profit organisations.

All foreigners who want to work in Singapore must have a valid pass or work visa.

There are a variety of passes, which one you need depends on your circumstances and level of skill. Types of pass include:

• Employment Pass - for foreign professionals, managers and executives. You'll need to earn at least S$5,000 (£2,997) a month and have acceptable qualifications.
• EntrePass - for foreign entrepreneurs wanting to start a business in the country.
• Personalised Employment Pass - for high earners.
• Work Permit for Migrant Worker - for semi-skilled international workers. For example, those in the construction or manufacturing industries.
• Work Permit for Foreign Domestic Workers
• Work Permit for a Performing Artiste
• S Pass - for mid-level skilled workers. You'll need to earn at least S$3,150 (£1,888) a month and meet the assessment criteria.
• Training Employment Pass - for foreign professionals undergoing practical training.
• Work Holiday Pass - for students and graduates aged between 18-25 who want to work and holiday in Singapore for six months.
• Miscellaneous Work Pass - for those taking on a short-term work assignment of up to 60 days.

For more information about passes and eligibility criteria, visit the Ministry of Manpower (MOM).

If you're not from the UK, contact the Singaporean embassy in your home country for information about work passes, visas and permits.

Singapore has four official languages - English, Malay, Mandarin, and Tamil. Most Singaporeans are multilingual, and English is the language of business and education. If English is not your native language, you may need to prove your proficiency for some jobs.

UK qualifications are widely recognised in Singapore, and the education systems of the two countries are similar, so explaining your degree should not be a problem. Additionally, Singapore's cosmopolitan workforce means that employers are accustomed to dealing with applicants with qualifications from other countries.

However, it is always best to check with the employer before applying for a job.

To find out more about the recognition of qualifications, see ENIC-NARIC.

Most businesses operate between the hours of 9am and 6pm, with Monday to Friday as the standard working week.

Employees are entitled to eleven holidays per year, rising to 14 days depending on length of service and seniority. There are also the following public holidays:

• New Year's Day
• Chinese New Year (two days)
• Good Friday
• Labour Day
• Vesak Day
• Hari Raya Puasa
• National Day
• Hari Raya Haji
• Deepavali
• Christmas Day.

While salaries are competitive, the cost of living in Singapore is high when compared to other Asian countries.

For more information on working conditions, visit the Singaporean Ministry of Manpower (MOM) - Employment Practices.

• Discover what it's like to study in Singapore.

If you are planning to work in South Africa, there are numerous activities that you can indulge in during your leisure time. The beautiful city of Cape Town offers breathtaking views from the summit of Table Mountain. Additionally, there are several sandy beaches and cultural hotspots, such as the Zeitz Museum of Contemporary Art, that you can explore.

In your leisure time, venture beyond the cities and embark on a safari expedition through the renowned Kruger National Park, marvel at the breathtaking Maloti-Drakensberg Park, or dive headfirst into the adrenaline-fueled world of cage-diving with great white sharks. South Africa offers workers a blend of natural beauty, cultural diversity, and endless opportunities for exploration.

South Africa has one of the largest economies on the African continent, second only to Nigeria. South Africa's economic success is evident through its worldwide recognition in mining, auto manufacturing, finance, and banking, as well as its well-established legal, energy, and transportation industries.

There are job opportunities in South Africa with global companies, especially in densely populated and developed areas such as Cape Town, Johannesburg, and Durban. Notable multinational companies with a South African presence include:

• Barclays
• BMW
• Dell
• Deloitte
• GlaxoSmithKline
• L'Oreal
• McDonald's
• PepsiCo
• PwC
• Toyota.

If you work for a multinational company in your home country, you may have the opportunity to work in South Africa through a placement or secondment with your current employer.

According to the Critical Skills List 2023, workers are needed in the following roles:

• architect
• chemist
• civil engineer
• dentist
• electrician    
• management consultant
• multimedia specialist
• software developer
• university lecturer
• web designer.

This is not an exhaustive list, so be sure to refer to the list to confirm the skills and qualifications required for an in-demand role.

BAccording to South African law, all job openings must be advertised nationally. International workers will only be considered for a role if there are no qualified South African citizens available for the job.

One of the easiest ways to find work in South Africa is through a company you already work for in your home country. If this is not an option, most foreign workers find work before arriving in the country. You can start your job search at home using search engines, or consider the following job boards:

• CareerJet
• IOL.co.za
• MyJobMag
• Pnet.co.za

Alternatively, look to the classified adverts from online publications of South African newspapers:

• Mail & Guardian online
• Times Live

You could also consult the South African Yellow Pages, also known as Yep! to find a recruitment agency. If there's a particular company you'd like to work for, consider sending them a speculative application.

• John Woodland
  Chemical biologist

The number of paid summer jobs available in South Africa is limited compared to the UK. However, if you possess specific skills required for certain jobs, you may be in luck. For instance, if you have experience working with children, you could consider spending your summer as an au pair.

South Africa is also a popular tourist destination, which means you can find temporary roles in the hospitality industry.

If you're willing to self-fund a summer experience, there's plenty on offer. Oyster Worldwide offers voluntary summer roles in veterinary and sports coaching among others, while Enkosini specialises in wildlife conservation projects.

To teach abroad in South Africa, you'll need the relevant Teach English as a Foreign Language (TEFL) qualification and previous teaching experience. As English is one of the primary languages in the country, there is not much paid TEFL work available. However, in rural areas, where there is a rich mix of languages spoken, there's a growing need for teaching assistants who are fluent in English.

Candidates with qualifications in math, science, and technology are particularly in demand. If you possess these skills, you may be able to secure a teaching position in South Africa.

For more information on TEFL opportunities in South Africa, visit:

• Go Overseas: Teach English in South Africa 
• i-to-i TEFL Jobs in South Africa

There are plenty of internships and placements available in South Africa that offer a chance to explore the country while pursuing your area of interest. However, most of these opportunities are unpaid for international applicants and you'll likely have to cover the costs yourself. There are only a limited number of paid internships available for international applicants.

For internship opportunities in sectors including social work, medicine, animal science, engineering, finance and PR, visit GoAbroad - Internships in South Africa.

Non-citizens or non-permanent residents who wish to work in South Africa must obtain a work visa.

There are four categories of work visas allowing foreign candidates to work in the country:

• General work - the most common type of visa, covering the majority of applications and valid for up to five years. You'll need to submit a signed permanent contract of employment as part of your application.
• Critical skills - for workers in professions the South African government deem to be critical. Valid for up to five years, you won't need confirmed employment in South Africa - however, you'll need to provide written proof of your skills and/or qualifications to apply.
• Intra-company transfer (ICT) - if you've worked for a multinational company in your home country for a minimum of six months, you can apply to relocate to its South African branch. The ICT visa is valid for a period of up to four years.
• Corporate visa - you'll need this if you're planning to start a business in South Africa. To apply, you'll need to provide a detailed business plan, and proof that your business is compliant with company law and at least 60% of your workforce is South African.

You can take an assessment to determine which visa you'll need at Work Visa South Africa. For a detailed checklist of what you'll need to include in your application for each type, see the Department of Home Affairs - Visas and VFS Global.

It'll cost you around £80 to submit a work visa application. As well as a completed application form, this submission needs to include a valid passport, full details of your accommodation and financial arrangements for the trip and two passport-sized colour photos. You'll need to send these to your local South African embassy or consulate.

It's crucial to keep in mind that you must possess all the required visa documents while boarding your flight to South Africa. In case you fail to do so, the authorities in South Africa may deny you entry and send you back on a return flight. To avoid any inconvenience, be sure to apply for your work visa at least six weeks before your scheduled departure.

In South Africa, all 11 official languages are recognised as equal by law. However, English is the primary language used for education, media, and political broadcasts. If you are fluent in English and have a good understanding of Afrikaans, you should be able to work in South Africa. Nonetheless, it is common to hear the other nine languages being spoken in everyday conversation.

Omniglot has a page dedicated to basic Afrikaans phrases which you may find useful.

If you have completed your education in the UK and plan to work in South Africa, you do not need to worry about your qualifications being accepted. The South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA) guides applicants to verify their international credentials and ensure that their educational institution is recognised and accredited.

The typical working hours in South Africa are Monday to Friday, from 9am to 5pm. Workers have the option to work up to ten hours of overtime per week, with double pay on Sundays.

South Africa introduced its first-ever minimum wage in 2018, which is currently set at R25.42 (£1.06) per hour. This rate is aimed at providing workers with a fair living wage.

Workers in South Africa are entitled to 21 consecutive days of leave per year, in addition to 12 public holidays. You'll have to register as a new taxpayer with the South African Revenue Service once you're in work. The tax you pay is based on your residency - as a non-permanent resident of South Africa, you will only be taxed on the income you earn in the country.

• Discover what it's like to study in South Africa.

The Scandinavian country offers a high standard of living, with subsidised public services and a generous holiday allowance. While English is widely spoken, learning Swedish will open doors both socially and professionally. Many employers require you to have a working knowledge of the country's official language, and being able to communicate with neighbours and co-workers in their native tongue will help you to make friends and settle in.

On the weekends, you could explore Sweden's 30 national parks or stay overnight in the world's original Icehotel, located in the village of Jukkasjärvi. Over the past 30 years the hotel has become a hub of outdoor activities and unique dining experiences.

If you head north, the summer months will bring about the 'midnight sun' where the sun shines 24 hours a day.

While Sweden possesses a small, open and competitive economy that relies heavily on foreign trade, it’s actually the largest of the Nordic economies. The country is recognised for its good working conditions and practices and its jobs market is among the strongest in the world.

• Data analysis
• Engineering
• Finance
• Marketing and sales

Major industries include:

• engineering
• iron and steel
• IT and telecommunications.
• manufacturing
• motor vehicle production
• pharmaceuticals
• processed foods
• wood pulp and paper products.

Some of the world's biggest multinational companies are based in Sweden, including:

• Electrolux
• Ericsson
• H&M
• IKEA
• Skanska
• Skype
• Spotify
• Volvo.

The European Job Mobility Portal (EURES) is a place for jobseekers to find work in Sweden. Aside from contacting companies directly, you can also search the listings on the following job sites:

• Blocket Jobb
• Jobbland
• Monster
• The Local.se

The Swedish Migration Agency, together with the Public Employment Service regularly put together a list of high-demand occupations. However, this labour shortage list is only available in Swedish. When translated, it shows that the Swedish workforce is in need of:

• construction workers
• engineers
• IT experts - such as software and systems developers and IT architects
• medical professionals - including paramedics, doctors, nurses, psychiatric nurses, midwives, dentists and occupational therapists
• pharmacists
• teachers - including pre-school and primary school teachers.

To apply for a job in Sweden, you'll submit a CV and cover letter electronically to a company, and be invited to interview if your application is successful. If you're applying from overseas, this can take place over the phone or via a video call.

Your CV should be one to two pages in length, and your cover letter no longer than a page. Try to match your skills and experience to the job description, outlining why you're the most suitable candidate for the job.

In the interview, be prepared to answer questions that aren't directly job-related. You may be asked about your family, marital status and what you do in your spare time.

What you'll need to submit as part of your application will vary between sectors and roles. Check job adverts to find out if you need to submit your application in Swedish. It's best to contact the employer before starting your application to confirm what's required of you.

Sweden has a thriving tourism industry, so seasonal work, in both the summer and winter, in hospitality roles, such as bars, restaurants and hotels, is an option. Look for opportunities in popular tourist destinations such as Stockholm, Malmö, Gothenburg and Uppsala.

If you’re interested in volunteering opportunities, see the European Youth Portal (EYP).

As the majority of Sweden's 10 million population speak fluent English, finding a job can be a challenge. However, opportunities are available to teach English as a foreign language in private schools or to business people wanting to improve their English. You will need to be highly qualified as the profession is regulated to ensure a good quality and standard of teaching across the county. Having a couple of good contacts in the industry will also stand you in good stead.

To increase your chances of finding a position, look for opportunities in cities such as Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö.

The majority of Swedish schools are funded by the government, although the number of publicly funded independent schools is increasing. Private schools cater to the business market looking to boost their global career prospects.

To become an English teacher in Sweden, you'll need:

• a Bachelors degree (or equivalent)
• a TEFL certificate
• adequate proficiency in Swedish.

For private school positions, you may be expected to have a business background and be fluent in Swedish.

If you have teaching qualifications from the UK or your home country, you can apply for Swedish teaching certification through the Swedish National Agency for Education (Statens skolverk).

See Skolverket - Competence & continuing education for more information.

Organisations offering internships in Sweden include:

• IAESTE - in engineering, natural sciences and technical fields
• ELSA - trainee exchanges for law students
• IFMSA - trainee exchanges for medical students.

Many big companies have established internship programmes, which you'll find advertised on their websites. However, if you can't find any current vacancies, consider contacting individual companies directly to enquire about opportunities. You'll demonstrate your enthusiasm, and employers will appreciate your proactive approach.

As a graduate, you may want to take a look at Korta vägen. This Swedish Public Employment Service is for people who want to prepare for new academic studies or the labour market in Sweden.

UK citizens can travel to countries in the Schengen Area (which includes Sweden) for up to 90 days in any 180-day period without a visa. However, if you plan to work in Sweden, or stay for more than three months, you must apply for a work permit. If you're working for more than three months, you'll need to apply for a residence permit.

If you're from outside the European Union (EU), you'll need to apply for a work permit prior to your arrival. The one-year working holiday visa is an exception to this rule, available to citizens of Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Korea between the ages of 18 and 30.

To apply for a work permit, among other requirements, you'll need to have received an official offer of employment from a Swedish employer. For more information on what you'll need to submit as part of your application, see Sweden.se - Obtaining a work permit. Aim to apply as early as you can to allow for delays.

If you're planning to stay for a year or more, you'll need to join the Swedish Population Register, which you can do by visiting your local tax office in Sweden.

If you're a member of the EU, you'll be able to move to Sweden without obtaining a work permit or visa. As long as you hold a valid EU passport, you can enter the country with or without an official offer of employment.

Although the country's official language is Swedish, studying English is compulsory for all Swedish students. Particularly in larger cities, such as Stockholm and Gothenburg, you won't need to be fluent in Swedish to get by.

However, it's worth having at least a grasp of the language, as this will help you to successfully integrate with your community and allow you to fully immerse yourself in Swedish culture. Consider taking a free beginner's course in Swedish before you arrive - see Study in Sweden - learn Swedish.

You should find that, in most instances, your UK qualifications are comparable to their Swedish equivalent, and will therefore be fully recognised by employers.

However, if it's necessary to get your qualifications evaluated - for example, to work in a regulated profession - you'll need to visit the Swedish Council for Higher Education (UHR).

You can also view a full list of professions with specific requirements in Sweden.

Wellbeing in the workplace is important in Sweden. Swedes are big on equality and diversity - in fact, Sweden has one of the most equal societies in the world.

Dress codes are typically casual and most Swedish companies operate a flat hierarchy, meaning you'll likely be involved in decision-making processes and have regular contact with your manager.

The country does not have a national minimum wage - pay is decided by collective bargaining between trade unions and employers.

Full-time workers are entitled to a minimum of 25 days' leave per year, regardless of their occupation or age. If you work part time, your leave is calculated to ensure you receive the equivalent. Workdays are usually 8am or 9am to 5pm, and lunchbreaks are usually one hour. Swedish Parliament has stipulated a limit of a 40-hour working week but the average is approximately 35 hours per week.

Sweden has 13 public holidays, including National Day on 6 June.

• Discover what it's like to study in Sweden..

Known for its coffee, chocolate, cheese and cuckoo clocks, almost two-thirds of Switzerland's territory is dominated by the Alps. This beautiful scenery, coupled with the country's modern cities, provides plenty for you to explore in your free time. As it's a multilingual nation, you'll also be well placed to pick up a second or third language, which is sure to impress on your CV. 

Many foreign workers, especially highly-skilled ones, successfully find work in Switzerland. 

However, with a relatively small labour market it can be difficult for foreign graduates to find work. Competition for jobs is fierce, especially more recently as Swiss employers have begun to favour locals over those from overseas. International workers may have more luck in major Swiss cities such as Basel, Bern, Geneva, Lausanne and Zürich rather than in smaller, rural areas. However, living in Swiss cities is costly. Zürich and Geneva are regularly voted among the most expensive cities in the world, but this should be counterbalanced by the country's high wages. 

The Swiss economy is dominated by the service sector. Switzerland also has a thriving tourism industry, with hospitality jobs available throughout the country. Those interested in banking and insurance can find opportunities in Zürich, and those looking for a career in chemicals or pharmaceuticals will find vacancies in Basel.

• Construction
• Education
• Finance
• Health
• IT
• Management

Over 99% of businesses in Switzerland are SMEs (small and medium-sized enterprises) but it also houses a number of multinational companies including: 

• Adecco 
• Credit Suisse 
• Glencore 
• Holcim 
• Nestlé 
• Novartis 
• Roche Group 
• Zurich Insurance. 

The United Nations, World Trade Organisation, the Red Cross, the World Economic Forum and the International Olympic Committee also call Switzerland home. 

Search for jobs in Switzerland at: 

• Jobs.ch - available in English, German and French. 
• JobsinGeneva.com 
• JobsinZurich.com 
• The Local 
• Xpat Jobs Switzerland 

Switzerland is currently struggling with a lack of skilled workers in the following areas: 

• construction 
• healthcare 
• information technology 
• retail and trade. 

The hospitality industry also finds it difficult to recruit staff. Graduates with skills and qualifications in these areas are in high demand.

To apply for a job in Switzerland you'll need: 

• a CV 
• a cover letter 
• your educational certificates.  

You should write your application in the language of the job advert/company, be that German, French or Italian, unless specifically asked to submit your application in English. 

CVs should be no longer than two sides of A4 and cover letters no more than one. It isn't unusual to include a photograph alongside your CV. 

You'll find that speculative applications are also welcome, but you don't need to include educational transcripts or references at this stage. 

If your application is successful, you'll be invited to attend an interview. In larger companies the selection process may involve psychometric testing and assessment centres. 

Networking also yields successful results, as Swiss job vacancies are often filled through contacts. Join social media sites such as LinkedIn and follow potential employers on X (formerly known as Twitter). Be sure to maintain a professional online presence and make use of any personal contacts you might have. 

As Switzerland is home to so many multinational companies, it may be possible to secure a job at an organisation in the UK, before asking to be seconded to its Swiss offices.

Tourism is big business in Switzerland and the sector provides numerous employment opportunities for Swiss nationals and foreign workers alike. The majority of seasonal and summer jobs revolve around the hospitality industry. For example, you could find work in bars, restaurants and hotels, or in one of the many ski resorts in the Alps, which frequently welcome seasonal workers. You could also instruct winter sports - English-speaking ski and snowboard instructors are always in demand. 

If you can afford to work unpaid, volunteering is worth considering. Any experience of this nature looks great on your CV. Not only will it put your language skills to the test and help you to understand Swiss culture, but it also provides you with an opportunity to make valuable contacts, which will prove useful when trying to secure more permanent work in the country. 

Voluntary opportunities include community projects, teaching schemes and working alongside international organisations. In rural areas you could get involved in conservation projects, working in agricultural, mountain and forest settings. 

For voluntary opportunities, see: 

• ICYE 
• Packimpex 
• Voluntouring.org 

The demand for English teachers is usually quite low, as most nationals develop a strong understanding of the language from an early age. What's more, English is widely used in the workplace. 

As such, competition for teaching positions in state schools is fierce. Other opportunities may exist in private or boarding schools, or in hotel schools which offer training to hospitality employees. 

If you do manage to secure a teaching post, the pay is usually generous. For more information, visit i-to-i - Teach English in Switzerland. 

To Teach English as a Foreign Language (TEFL) in Switzerland, see: 

• English Teachers Association Switzerland 
• Go Abroad 
• TEFL Academy 

The British Council Language Assistants programme enables undergraduates and graduates of any discipline, with an A2-level in French or German, to work in Switzerland as an English language assistant. You'll earn around £2,800 per month.

As Switzerland has so many international corporations, you may be able to uncover internship opportunities by looking on their individual websites. 

SWISS, the national airline for Switzerland, provides six-month internships for Bachelors graduates in a range of corporate areas including: 

• communication 
• event management 
• finance 
• HR 
• IT 
• operations 
• sales and marketing 
• procurement.  

Opportunities are available in Zürich, Geneva and Basel. For more information, see SWISS internships. 

Credit Suisse, a subsidiary of UBS, also offers in-depth and summer internships in its Swiss offices. To find out more, see UBS’ internship programme. 

Roche provide 12-month opportunities to Bachelors, Masters and PhD students in areas such as life sciences, technology, engineering and business. Learn more about Roche's student programmes. 

Each year IAESTE (International Association for the Exchange of Students for Technical Experience) provides a range of traineeships to undergraduate students working towards a science, engineering, technology or applied arts degree. Placements usually last from six to 12 weeks over the summer.

UK citizens can travel to countries in the Schengen Area (which includes Switzerland) for up to 90 days in any 180-day period without a visa. 

If UK nationals plan to work in Switzerland, or stay for more than three months, you must apply for the correct visa and work permit. There are different types of Swiss visas and permits depending on the kind of work you do and the length of your employment. However, as a result of the UK's withdrawal from the European Union (EU), UK jobseekers can no longer go to Switzerland to look for work. 

Only a limited number of international workers are admitted - primarily those who fulfil management level, specialist or other qualified work. 

Both EU and EFTA (European Free Trade Association - including Iceland, Norway and Liechtenstein) citizens do not need a visa to work in Switzerland. Citizens of EU and EFTA countries can come to Switzerland, look for a job and work for up to three months without the need for a work permit. 

If you intend to stay for longer than three months, you'll need a residence permit. To acquire one, you'll need to register with the communal authorities where you're living. You'll need: 

• a valid ID card or passport 
• a certificate of employment 
• accounting records, if you intend to become self-employed. 

Within three months of arriving in Switzerland you must also take out valid health insurance. 

Switzerland is renowned for being a multilingual country. German, French, Italian and Romansh are all spoken in different regions. 

It's important to know which language is spoken in the area where you intend to work. German is the main language and is spoken in central and eastern regions. French is spoken in the west, and Italian in the south. 

While English is frequently spoken in the workplace, you'll still be expected to have a good grasp of German, French or Italian depending on where you work. 

There are lots of language courses in the UK, as well as websites and podcasts to prepare you if your language skills aren't up to scratch. 

Thanks to the Bologna Process, UK higher education qualifications are directly comparable to their Swiss counterparts. So, if you're heading to the country to work with a UK Bachelors, Masters or PhD, these will usually be recognised and accepted by Swiss employers. However, check with employers before applying. 

To find out more about the recognition of qualifications, see ENIC-NARIC. 

According to Swiss law, the majority of workers can work for a maximum of 45 hours per week, although most people work a 40-hour week, Monday to Friday.  

All Swiss employees are entitled to at least four weeks' paid holiday per year, and young people up to the age of 20 are entitled to five. 

The number of public holidays you're entitled to depends on where in Switzerland you live and work. There are five national public holidays. There are 21 regional public holidays, of which your region will celebrate a handful.

• Discover what it's like to study in Switzerland.

Despite political uncertainty, the Turkish economy is forecast 3.6% growth in 2023. The country's main challenges are the underrepresentation of women in the workforce, skill shortages, and employment rules that prevent qualified overseas workers from filling key roles.

The unemployment rate for Turkey's 8.5 million people is high at 9.4%, but it has steadily decreased in the past five years. Turkey's main export products are cars, jewellery, and petroleum, with total exports averaging at around £154billion. The capital city of Ankara and the country's employment and international relations hub, Istanbul, are the focal points of Turkish business.

• Management
• Finance
• IT
• Security
• Supply chain management.

The government restricts foreign worker recruitment in certain professions, such as law, medicine, and mining. However, English-speaking foreign workers are in high demand in the teaching and tourism industries. Fluency in Turkish is not essential, but a good grasp of the language is helpful to succeed in most jobs.

Despite the low cost of living, most graduate salaries in Turkey only cover basic living costs.

Turkey's position as a gateway to both Europe and Asia make it an ideal location for UK workers seeking experience in global business. Graduates can find work in Turkey through large UK companies such as Marks & Spencer, HSBC, Shell, Unilever, BAE Systems, and Aviva.

You will need confirmation of employment before you arrive in the country to secure a work permit. You can search for jobs on sites such as:

• Expat.com
• iSKUR
• Reed.co.uk
• Totaljobs.

If you're looking to earn money and experience Turkish culture, summer jobs are plentiful, especially in the tourism industry.

Whether you are looking for general vacancies or have a specific Turkish city in mind, visit:

• EasyExpat.com
• iAgora
• Learn4Good

As Turkey continues to build ties with English-speaking economies, TEFL (Teaching English as a Foreign Language) teachers are in high demand across all parts of the country and for students of all ages. Demand is especially high in major cities such as Istanbul, Ankara, and Izmir.

If you have a Bachelors degree, a 170-hour TEFL course certificate, and firsthand classroom experience, you will be a strong candidate for TEFL work in Turkey.

Begin your search for TEFL jobs in Turkey using the following sites:

• Go Overseas
• i-to-i
• International TEFL Academy
• Teach Away
• TEFL.com.

Internships in Turkey are a great way to gain work experience, learn about the culture, and network with professionals in your field. You are most likely to find opportunities in Istanbul, where global companies such as Google, Red Bull, Vodafone, and Colgate-Palmolive, have Turkish bases.

From short-term to year-round work placements, see:

• GoAbroad.com
• Go Overseas

Another option is IAESTE, an organisation that provides internships for students in scientific and technical fields of study. You will need a work permit to begin an internship in Turkey, which you can obtain from the Turkish consulate in your home country.

Internships are typically unpaid, but employers may provide free accommodation in Turkish university dormitories, meal vouchers and a monthly allowance.

UK citizens do not need a visa to enter Turkey for stays of up to 90 days in any 180 days. This applies to tourism and business visits. However, your passport must be valid for at least six months beyond the date of your departure from Turkey.

If you plan to stay in Turkey for longer than 90 days, you must apply for a longer-stay visa before you travel or obtain a residence permit from the local authorities in Turkey before your 90-day stay expires.

UK nationals seeking long-term employment in Turkey must secure a work permit before arriving in the country.

There are several types of work permits depending on the type of work you do. Businesses apply for work permits on behalf of foreign workers for specific positions. Permits are initially issued for six months but can be extended for up to six years.

To apply for a work permit from the UK, you must first submit a pre-application for a visa. This involves uploading copies of documents to be pre-processed before taking the originals to your in-person application appointment at your local Turkish consulate or embassy, such as the Turkish Embassy in London.

These documents include:

• an official letter detailing your prospective job offer
• valid health insurance
• a passport valid for an additional 60 days after the term of employment
• a passport-sized photo.

After you attend your in-person application appointment and submit your documents, your employer will submit your visa application to the Turkish Ministry of Labour and Social Security within ten days.

Within a month of your arrival in Turkey, you must register with your local police department to obtain a residence permit for your stay.

For more information, see the Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs visa information for foreigners.

To begin the visa process, fill out the online pre-application at the Republic of Turkey Consular Procedure.

English proficiency in Turkey is low, ranking 64th out of 111 countries in the EF English Proficiency Index. While English is the usual form of business communication in bigger cities, such as Ankara and Istanbul, you will struggle to get by without at least some understanding of Turkish.

There may not be a standardised language test to pass before arriving in the country, but fluency in Turkish will increase your career prospects and ensure your work is at a high standard.

If you are taking up TEFL employment, you'll need to be fluent in English with a grasp of Turkish. The more Turkish you know, the easier your day-to-day life will be.

To learn some basic Turkish phrases, visit BBC Languages - A Guide to Turkish.

Turkish employers should accept UK qualifications because Turkish higher education providers adhere to the National Qualifications Framework for Higher Education in Turkey. This framework is aligned with the European Qualifications Framework (EQF), which is a common reference framework for qualifications in participating countries.

This means that UK qualifications are recognised and valued in Turkey. For more information on having your credentials formally evaluated, visit ENIC-NARIC Turkey.

According to government figures, 99% of the Turkish population is Muslim, so religious holidays are particularly important. There are seven Turkish national holidays and two Islamic festivals: a three-day celebration of the end of Ramadan and the four-day Eid al-Adha.

Employees work a maximum of 45 hours per week, usually distributed evenly over six days. However, there is no standard working week, and most businesses open from 8:30 am to 5:30 pm, with earlier start and finishing times during the summer months.

Entitlement to paid annual leaves starts after one year's service in any job, with 14 days available at one to five years' service, increasing in stages to 26 days for 15-plus years of service.

The minimum wage in Turkey varies depending on marital status and whether the worker has children. It is also significantly lower than in the UK, with single workers earning an average of TRY 11,804 per year (£352) and married workers with children taking home TRY 12,006 (£357).

Despite the low minimum wage, the cost of living in Turkey is 41% lower than in the UK, with rent prices sitting at 58% lower.

See Numbeo for more detailed statistics on the cost of living in Turkey.

• Discover what it's like to study in Turkey.

When living and working in the UAE, it is important to be respectful of local laws and customs. There are severe penalties for breaking these laws. For example, there is a zero-tolerance policy towards drugs and drunk driving. Relationships outside of marriage are illegal, as is same-sex marriage. You will need a special license to consume alcohol, and women should dress modestly when out in public. Swearing in public and public displays of affection are also arrestable offences.

Despite these restrictions, the UAE is a great place to live and work. It is hot in summer and warm in winter, and there are many idyllic sandy beaches and cosmopolitan landmarks, such as Al-Ain Zoo, the Burj Khalifa and the Heart of Sharjah to enjoy on your days off.

Be sure to check the latest foreign travel advice for UAE at GOV.UK.

With a population of ten million and an unemployment rate of 2.75%, the UAE is an oil-rich country. It's had to deal with fluctuating oil prices and global oversupply but overall, the economy is strong and has seen rapid growth in recent years.

Major industries in the UAE include:

• aluminium
• boat building and ship repair
• construction
• fishing
• handicrafts and textiles
• petroleum and petrochemicals.

Some of the best major companies to work for include:

• AstraZeneca Gulf (pharmaceutical)
• Apparel Group (retail)
• DHL (logistics)
• Etihad Airways
• FedEx Express (logistics)
• Hilton Worldwide (hospitality)
• Marriott (hospitality)
• Microsoft Gulf
• Omnicom Media Group MENA
• Splash (fashion)
• THE One (retail)
• Weber Shandwick (communications).

To learn more about the different emirates of the UAE, see Bayut Area Guides.

• Construction
• Finance
• Logistics
• Technology
• Tourism

The UAE has several growth industries, including the energy sector, which requires science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) specialists. Meanwhile, healthcare and life sciences industries are also experiencing skills shortages. Openings are also available in the property and finance sectors.

Many expats find jobs through international companies in their home countries. If possible, it is best to try to secure work before making the move. Thousands of British companies have operations in the Gulf region, so requesting a transfer to one of these organisations might be an option.

In the UAE, positions are advertised via recruitment agencies or online. While it may be unusual practice in your own country, don't be surprised to find job adverts specifically asking for a particular gender, age, or nationality. Networking is important, but this may be difficult to do from afar. However, once you have a job in the UAE, successful networking could help you secure a promotion.

Speculative applications are not unwelcome, but securing a job through this method often relies on strong personal contacts. Most applications take place online via an application form or CV. Make sure to attach a cover letter that is tailored to the specific job you are applying for, a photograph and a short cover letter.

You'll usually undergo a face-to-face interview and a medical examination before being offered a job.

Look for vacancies at:

• Akhtaboot
• BAC Middle East
• Dubizzle
• GulfTalent.com
• Indeed UAE
• Naukrigulf.com.

Short-term contracts are available in the construction, oil, tourism, and retail industries, but they can be difficult to secure once you are in the country. Hospitality jobs are easiest to find in tourist areas such as Abu Dhabi and Dubai. Due to the prevalence of fixed-term contracts, summer and casual work can be hard to find.

Volunteering opportunities in the UAE are generally limited, but they are more common in the emirates mentioned above. However, this is often due to a shortage of willing participants, so getting involved in voluntary work can provide valuable experience. You can find openings at organisations such as the Emirates Red Crescent and Volunteers AE.

Otherwise, search for opportunities at:

• Dubai Volunteer Centre
• National Volunteers Program for Emergencies, Crises and Disasters

English may be the second language in the UAE, but there are still various teaching opportunities available.

As long as you hold a TEFL qualification you can find work teaching English as a foreign language in schools, colleges, universities, language centres and private institutions. Some jobs may require you to have a degree, such as a PGCE.

You could also teach adult classes or work in conjunction with businesses to ensure that their employees are fluent in the language.

You can search for vacancies and find out more information at:

• INTESOL Worldwide
• Love TEFL
• Teach Away in Abu Dhabi

Short-term work experience opportunities and internships can be hard to come by, as companies usually sponsor employees for a minimum of 12 months. Such opportunities are further complicated by visa restrictions. However, some internship and summer work placements may be found at:

• AIESEC UK
• IAESTE

Many universities, such as Heriot-Watt University, Manchester Business School, Middlesex University and the University of Exeter have links to the UAE. Meanwhile, you may be eligible for university exchange programmes if you're still in education. Check with your institution's international office.

All UK nationals are eligible for a visa on arrival in the UAE. This visa allows you to stay in the country for 30 days. You can then extend your visa for another 30 days, three days before its expiry date. However, you must leave the country at the end of this period. Your passport must have at least six months of validity from the date of entry.

If you intend to work in the UAE, you will need to be sponsored by an employer. You cannot work on a visit or tourist visa. Once you have accepted a job offer, your employer will apply for a residency visa on your behalf. Once you have a residency visa, you will be able to obtain a work permit from the Ministry of Labour. Working in the UAE without a work permit is illegal.

Work permits and employment visas can last between one and ten years. Documents needed to secure a work permit include:

• proof of work contract
• application form
• Emirates ID card
• valid passport
• passport photos
• medical check and health certificate documents
• entry permit.

Remember to cancel your work visa before permanently leaving the UAE. Failure to do so could lead to you being reported as an absconder, resulting in your arrest if you return to the UAE.

Major languages in the UAE include Arabic (the main language), English, Hindi, Persian and Urdu. As the UAE is home to a vast number of expatriates English is widely spoken by locals and is also the language of business.

However, an understanding of Arabic will greatly improve your job prospects. Some popular places to learn Arabic include:

• Eton Institute
• The Arabic Language Centre
• The Mother Tongue Arabic Language Centre

Employers usually understand UK qualifications as the UAE education system has many similarities but ensure that this is the case before application.

You, or your employer, can find out more at ENIC-NARIC.

As in the UK, full-time employees typically work five eight-hour shifts every week. However, unlike the UK, the working week runs from Sunday to Thursday. Friday and Saturday are rest days. Working hours are reduced during Ramadan.

Private sector employees are entitled to 30 days of annual leave after one year on the job.

There are nine recognised public holidays in the UAE but some of these dates change every year, according to the sighting of the moon. National holidays include:

• New Year's Day (1 January)
• Al Isra'a Wal Mi'raj - Ascension Day
• Eid Al Fitr
• Arafat Day
• Eid Al Adha - Feast of Sacrifice
• Al Hijri - Islamic New Year
• Birthday of Prophet Mohammad (PBUH)
• Commemoration Day
• National Day.

The number of holiday days given depends on whether the Islamic festival of Eid falls during the working week or the weekend.

You don't pay income tax on your earnings in the UAE.

• Discover what it's like to study in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).

As globalisation continues to shape the business landscape, language proficiency is in high demand. Foreign nationals are particularly valued in the UK's multicultural workforce. With its distinct international communities, the country offers a warm welcome to overseas talent.

Major sectors in the UK include:

• accounting, banking and finance
• construction
• education
• engineering
• healthcare
• retail.

The UK economy is primarily driven by its robust services sector. Finance, insurance, and business services are key contributors to its growth. Although manufacturing has declined in recent years, it continues to be a significant employer.

Other notable industries include:

• metals
• chemicals
• aerospace
• shipbuilding
• automotive
• food processing
• textiles
• clothing
• design
• the arts
• electronics and communications equipment.

• Business analyst
• Data scientist
• Finance analyst/adviser
• HR manager
• Marketing and sales professionals
• Nurse
• Project manager
• Software developer
• Teacher
• Welfare/housing associates.

Many of the UK's large and multinational companies offer graduate schemes in areas such as:

• finance
• HR
• marketing
• retail
• sales
• science.

To find out more, see graduate schemes.

According to The Times Top 100 Graduate Employers 2023, the most popular graduate recruiters include the Civil Service, National Health Service (NHS), PwC, Deloitte and Google.

More information on particular industries can be found in our job sectors.

Look for job vacancies at:

• Prospects job search - for the latest graduate schemes, placements and jobs
• The Guardian Jobs - national news site advertising UK and international jobs
• Indeed - job site listing vacancies throughout the UK
• Reed - lists vacancies in a range of sectors.

There are currently a number of shortage occupations, including:

• Accountancy, banking and finance - actuaries, economists and statisticians.
• Business services - analysts, market researchers and HR officers.
• Construction - surveyors, architects, bricklayers and plasterers.
• Creative arts and design - architects, artists, dancers and choreographers, musicians, graphic designers, producers and directors.
• Education - primary and secondary school teachers (particularly maths teachers).
• Engineering - electrical, quality control and planning engineers, civil engineers and product and process engineers.
• Healthcare - nurses, carers, health managers, physiotherapists and radiographers.
• Hospitality - baristas and chefs.
• IT - business analysts, systems designers, programmers and software developers.
• Science and pharmaceuticals - nuclear medical scientists, pharmacists, geoscientists, laboratory technicians, archaeologists and veterinarians.
• Social care - counsellors and social workers.

In the UK, most jobs can be applied for online by submitting a CV and cover letter or completing an application form. Aim for a CV no longer than two sides of A4 and a cover letter of one page or less. Learn more about writing CVs and cover letters.

Networking is crucial as many job openings are filled through word-of-mouth. Reach out to your existing UK contacts to inquire about potential vacancies and inform them of your job search in the country.

Speculative applications are encouraged, especially when targeting small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) that often don't advertise job openings.

Start your job search early as many companies have lengthy recruitment processes. Complete your application from your home country and relocate once you've secured a position.

Given the high staff turnover, the hospitality and retail sectors recruit regularly. The creative arts and design industry is predominantly London-based, while marketing and PR roles are abundant in Birmingham and Manchester.

If you're shortlisted for a job, you can expect to attend a series of interviews. These might involve one-to-one meetings with your potential line manager or panel interviews with various managers and HR representatives.

Larger companies and graduate schemes often combine psychometric testing, assessment centres and interviews to select their successful candidates.

Get more advice on how to find a job.

There are plenty of summer, seasonal, and temporary jobs available in the UK, primarily within the tourism, hospitality, and retail sectors.

Summer jobs often involve working at summer or holiday camps, outdoor adventure and water sports parks, campsites, or various festivals.

Hotels, bars, and restaurants hire casual staff all year round, with ample opportunities in major cities and tourist destinations. The retail industry also recruits temporary workers to cope with the busy Christmas period.

Volunteering in the UK can help you improve your English while you give back to the community.

If you can afford to work without pay to gain experience, a voluntary placement is worthwhile and can enhance your CV.

Volunteer organisations include:

• Do-it is the UK's national volunteering database, listing opportunities from thousands of charities and social groups.
• Volunteering England is part of the National Council for Voluntary Organisations (NCVO).
• Volunteering Matters works in partnership with UK organisations to deliver programmes that enable people of all ages and backgrounds to put something back into the community.

Discover local volunteering projects by exploring your community. Check local newspapers and notice boards for opportunities. Thoroughly research each option and carefully review the terms and conditions before committing to a volunteer role.

French, Spanish, and German are the primary languages taught in UK schools. If you're from abroad and proficient in one of these languages, you could explore teaching opportunities as a Modern Foreign Languages (MFL) teacher.

Due to a shortage of MFL specialists, talented individuals are in high demand. If you hold a university degree or its equivalent, coupled with strong English language skills, you might be eligible for a bursary to fund postgraduate study in this field.

For more information on teaching languages in the UK, including available bursaries and training options, go to Becoming a language teacher - Association for Language Learning.

The British Council offers opportunities to teach foreign languages in UK schools through its Modern language assistant programme. If you're a fluent speaker of French, German, Irish, Italian, Mandarin, or Spanish, you could spend a year gaining valuable teaching experience and transferable skills. Salaries typically range from £20,000 to £38,000, with higher pay in London.

To get a foot in the door of an organisation, many students in the UK look for relevant work experience. These opportunities are available in almost every sector and will vary in length, depending on the organisation. In some cases, a placement will be as short as one day; others may last for several months and lead to a permanent position.

Remember that all work experience is valuable and many students are successful in securing a placement lasting several months.

Your university's international office can help you find and apply for work experience and internships.

Search for work experience in the UK.

Placement Year International

Provides paid business and hospitality internships for students and recent graduates.

There are several visa options for those wishing to work in the UK:

• Graduate Visa - This visa allows you to stay in the UK for two years after completing your course, giving you ample time to find employment and transition to a work visa.
• Skilled Worker Visa - Ideal for long-term residence, this visa grants five years in the UK with the possibility of applying for permanent settlement. Apply three months before starting work and ensure you have a job offer from an approved employer.
• Health and Care Worker Visa - If you're a qualified doctor, nurse, health professional, or adult social care worker, this visa caters to the needs of the healthcare sector. However, your employer must be Home Office approved.
• Innovator and Start-up Visas - Self-employed individuals with viable and original business ideas can benefit from these visas, offering two to three years of residence.

For short visits related to work, study, or pleasure, a Short-Term Visa allows you to stay for up to six months.

The visa you need will differ depending on the purpose of your visit. Take a look at GOV.UK - Work in the UK to see what you're eligible for.

To settle in the UK, if you're over 18, you might need to demonstrate your English proficiency. You can achieve this through an English language qualification or a degree taught or researched in English.

However, there are exemptions. Nationals from countries like Australia, Jamaica, and the USA, along with those with long-term physical or mental conditions, don't need to prove their proficiency.

For more information on language requirements, recognised English language tests, and other criteria for living in the UK, visit GOV.UK - Settle in the UK.

Thanks to the Bologna Process, higher education qualifications from certain countries are directly comparable to those in the UK. If you're an EU national who earned a degree in your home country, it should be recognised by UK employers.

However, before applying for jobs, it's essential to verify that your qualifications will be recognised in the UK. You can check this by contacting UK ENIC, which provides information on qualification recognition and evaluation.

In the UK, the standard workweek runs from Monday to Friday, 9am to 5pm. Your contract of employment should specify your working hours, and unless you agree otherwise, you cannot be required to work more than 48 hours per week. All employees have the legal right to request flexible or part-time working arrangements.

Adult workers are entitled to at least one day off per week, four weeks of paid annual leave, sick pay, and maternity or paternity leave. While employers are not legally obligated to provide time off for bank or public holidays, many do so. There are eight bank or public holidays in England and Wales, nine in Scotland, and ten in Northern Ireland each year.

In the UK, most workers are entitled to either the National Living Wage (NLW) or the National Minimum Wage (NMW), with a few exceptions. As of April 2024, the NMW stands at £11.44 per hour for those aged 21 and over. The NMW applies to younger workers, with rates of £8.60 for 18-20 year olds and £6.40 for under 18s. Find out more at GOV.UK - NMW rates.

Once you start earning, you'll need to pay income tax. This tax applies to your income from employment and any profits if you're self-employed. Luckily, most people benefit from a personal allowance, meaning the first £12,570 you earn is tax-free. Currently, the basic income tax rate is 20%.

• Discover what it's like to study in the UK.
• Learn about living in the UK.